Lentinula Edodes

Source of Information: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, the oldest and largest private cancer center, located in New York, founded in 1884.

Bottom Line: Lentinan, a polysaccharide extracted from Shiitake, may help extend the survival of patients with some cancers when used with chemotherapy.

The medicinal properties of Shiitake mushroom are attributed to a polysaccharide (sugar molecule) named lentinan, on which extensive research has been done. Lentinan is a polysaccharide called a 1,3 beta glucan. In laboratory tests, lentinan does not kill cancer cells directly, but enhances a number of aspects of the immune system, which may aid in the slowing of tumor growth. Lentinan also kills viruses and microbes directly in laboratory studies. Most studies involving lentinan involve intravenous or intramuscular injections. It is uncertain whether ingestion of shiitake mushrooms provides similar effects. One clinical trial has shown shiitake extract alone is not an effective treatment for prostate cancer. More studies are needed.

• To prevent and treat cancer
  A Shiitake extract was found ineffective for the treatment of prostate cancer. But an oral formulation of Lentinan was shown effective in extending the survival in patients with stomach, colorectal, pancreatic cancers and hepatocellular carcinoma. Larger studies are needed to confirm this.
• To lower high cholesterol
  Lentinan has a cholesterol-lowering effect in lab studies, but there is no proof from clinical trials that either lentinan or shiitake mushrooms can lower cholesterol in people.
• To stimulate the immune system
  Lentinan stimulates the activity of certain immune cells in lab studies and in people. However, it is unclear if lentinan or shiitake are effective in treating diseases such as AIDS and cancer.
• To treat infections
  No scientific evidence supports this use.

Few clinical studies have been performed with shiitake mushrooms. However, lentinan, the active compound present in shiitake mushrooms, has been studied in cancer patients.

• Dermatitis (inflammation of the skin)
• Increased skin sensitivity to sunlight
• Eosinophilia (an abnormally high level of certain white blood cells)
• Upset stomach
• Hypersensitivity Pneumonia
• Consumption of a whole shiitake mushroom caused small bowel obstruction

• Shiitake mushrooms are a common part of the diet in many cultures. It is unknown what dose of lentinan is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract when shiitake mushrooms are consumed.

Shiitake mushroom, native to East Asia, is cultivated worldwide for its purported health benefits. The fresh and dried forms of the mushroom are commonly used in East Asian cooking. It is also valued as an anticancer agent.
Lentinan (1,3 beta-D-glucan), a polysaccharide isolated from Shiitake, has been well studied and is thought responsible for the mushroom's beneficial effects. It was shown to have anticancer effects in colon cancer cells ⁽¹⁾, which may be due to its ability to suppress cytochrome P450 1A enzymes that are known to metabolize pro-carcinogens to active forms ⁽²⁾.
Lentin, the protein component, has strong antifungal properties, inhibits proliferation of leukemic cells, and suppresses the activity of human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase . Studies conducted with Shiitake extracts in vitro and in mice revealed the mushroom's antiproliferative ⁽⁴⁾, cytotoxic ⁽²¹⁾, immunostimulatory ⁽⁴⁾, hepatoprotective ⁽⁵⁾, antimutagenic ⁽⁶⁾, and anticaries ⁽⁷⁾ properties, but a clinical trial failed to show effectiveness in the treatment of prostate cancer ⁽⁸⁾.

Results from two small studies of HIV-positive patients who were administered intravenous lentinan showed a statistically insignificant increase in CD4 cells and neutrophil activity in some patients; researchers also reported severe adverse effects in some patients ⁽⁹⁾.
But improvements in quality of life and survival were seen with an oral formulation of superfine dispersed lentinan in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma ⁽¹⁵⁾, gastric ⁽¹⁶⁾, colorectal ⁽¹⁷⁾, and pancreatic ⁽¹⁸⁾ cancers. An orally administered Shiitake mycelial extract decreased the incidence of adverse effects associated with chemotherapy in a small study of patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer ⁽²²⁾.
Large scale studies are needed to establish Shiitake as a useful adjunct to cancer treatment.

Available as fresh or dried whole mushroom.

• Cancer prevention
• Cancer treatment
• High cholesterol
• Immunostimulation
• Infections

• Polysaccharides: Lentinan, 1-3-beta-D-glucan
• Protein: Lentin
• Lipids: Linoleic Acid
• Ergosterol
• Amino Acids: Lysine, arginine, methionine and phenylalanine
• Minerals and electrolytes: Potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, and zinc
• Lignins

Lentinan possesses immune-regulatory, antimicrobial, anti viral, and cholesterol-lowering effects ⁽¹³⁾. The water extract of shiitake decreased IL-1 production and apoptosis in human neutrophils. However, it increased apoptosis in U937 monocytic cell line ⁽¹⁴⁾. Lentin, the protein component of shiitake, has strong antifungal effects. An in vitro study has shown lentin can inhibit the proliferation of leukemia cells and suppress the activity of human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase ⁽³⁾.

Case Reports:
Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis was observed in a lung cancer patient following exposure to Shiitake spores ⁽¹⁰⁾. Prolonged consumption of Shiitake powder resulted in dermatitis, photosensitivity ⁽¹¹⁾, eosinophilia, and gastrointestinal upset ⁽¹²⁾. Intermittent skin eruptions (dermatitis), over a period of 16 years, were linked to consumption of shiitake mushrooms in a 45-year-old male ⁽¹⁹⁾.
Food allergy manifested as oesophageal symptoms was reported in a 37-year-old man following consumption of shiitake mushroom ⁽²⁰⁾.
Hypersensitivity pneumonia was reported in a 37-year-old man following inhalation of Shiitake mushroom spores ⁽²³⁾.
Dermatitis has been reported after consumption of raw or cooked shiitake mushroom ^{(24) (25) (26)}.
Consumption of raw shiitake mushrooms led to flagellate erythema, characterized by pruritic, erythematous eruption of multiple linear streaks on the trunk and extremities ⁽²⁷⁾.
Swallowing a whole shiitake mushroom caused small bowel obstruction resulting in necrosis and mucosal damage in the small intestine ⁽²⁸⁾.

Chronic consumption of Shiitake may increase eosinophil count.⁽¹²⁾